Bacterial biofilm formation is a complex developmental process involving multiple stages, including migration and initial attachment, EPS production and irreversible attachment, maturation, disruption, and cell dispersion. In most environments, the mechanism of infection and pathogenesis is a continuous interaction between the host and the microorganism, as well as between the microorganisms themselves. These interactions can influence and determine the fate of infection, and they are complex and dynamic, which makes it difficult to study them in a relevant manner in in vitro models. The success of in vitro models and their limitations, in particular their inability to replicate the host environment, have led to the rapid development of multiple in vivo models.
