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High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns are used for the analysis or preparation of separated compounds from complex mixtures. The pressurized liquid solvent containing the sample mixture passes through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material. Since each component in the sample interacts with the adsorbent material slightly differently, the components with different flow rates are separated as they flow out of the column. According to separation mechanism, common HPLC colum...

Turgor pressure measurement servicesTurgor pressure, also known as hydrostatic pressure, is the pressure on the cell wall generated by the expansion of a plant cell due to the volume of water absorbed. Turgor pressure is of physiological importance to plant growth. Not only does it maintain cellular tension and keep the plant in its natural posture, it also regulates the opening and closing of stomata. The growth of plant cells is thought to be the result of a finely tuned interaction between tu...

Biofilm Construction ServicesBacterial biofilm formation is a complex developmental process involving multiple stages, including migration and initial attachment, EPS production and irreversible attachment, maturation, disruption, and cell dispersion. In most environments, the mechanism of infection and pathogenesis is a continuous interaction between the host and the microorganism, as well as between the microorganisms themselves. These interactions can influence and determine the fate of infec...

Telomere length is highly heterogeneous and varies with cell type, age, and individual. Most current measurements of telomere length use the average of cell populations. However, it is worth noting that methods to quantify the length of individual telomeres can provide valuable information about telomere length distribution.Telomere Length Measurement in Single Cells Extremely short telomeres are usually the cause of age-related pathology. The longest telomeres are markers of the adult stem cell...

Introduction to Genetic CircuitSynthetic biology is a field of science that deals with engineering and redesigning biological systems. The design of genetic circuits is inspired by electronics and computer science. Genetic circuits can perform logical functions mimicking those observed in electronic circuits and exhibit control over the flow of information in biological systems. Genetic circuit design should follow the principles of modularity, orthogonality, predictability, and reliability.In r...

Introduction of The Cerebral CortexThe cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of tissue in the brain that is only a few millimeters thick. The appearance of the folds increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex, which contains between 14 billion and 16 billion neurons, thus allowing it to play an important role in human cognitive function, while controlling somatic movements and interpreting sensations.Injuries Caused by Cortical Function DeclineCerebral Cortex DisordersThe cerebral cortex,...

Silica-based vectors are attractive as gene transfer vehicles due to their high stability, safety, and ease of structural and surface modification. A variety of silica-based vectors for gene delivery have been reported, including silica nanotubes (SNT), silica sheets, and silica NPs (solid (non-porous) silica NPs and porous silica NPs). Among these, silica NPs have been extensively investigated by researchers as carriers with many useful and attractive properties.Several reports have been publis...

Introduction to Protein DesignProtein design aims to create proteins with enhanced or novel activity, behavior, or other functional properties. As a powerful tool, it may have a profound impact on synthetic biology and may have more rapid and innovative applications. In the near future, protein design, especially computational design, will greatly expand the functional capabilities of synthetic cells. De Novo Protein DesignIn de novo protein design, the ultimate objective is to identify the appr...

DNA Methylation Age AccelerationAge acceleration can be defined as the difference between the DNA methylation age and the actual age, or as the residual resulting from regressing the DNA methylation age on the actual age. In comparison, the latter definition is more accurate and practical. We can determine the rate of biological aging based on the specific value of the DNA methylation age acceleration, with positive values indicating faster than expected aging and negative values the opposite.DN...

Laboratory equipment is a general term for the various instruments, containers and other tools needed for operation, synthesis, and analysis in various laboratories. The equipment helps researchers to observe, test, experiment or analyze data to confirm the authenticity or rationality of scientific hypotheses. According to the scope of application, laboratory equipment can be divided into general equipment and specialized equipment.General laboratory equipment includes freezers, incubators, shak...