Topic: biology

Introduction of The Cerebral CortexThe cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of tissue in the brain that is only a few millimeters thick. The appearance of the folds increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex, which contains between 14 billion and 16 billion neurons, thus allowing it to play an important role in human cognitive function, while controlling somatic movements and interpreting sensations.Injuries Caused by Cortical Function DeclineCerebral Cortex DisordersThe cerebral cortex,...

Silica-based vectors are attractive as gene transfer vehicles due to their high stability, safety, and ease of structural and surface modification. A variety of silica-based vectors for gene delivery have been reported, including silica nanotubes (SNT), silica sheets, and silica NPs (solid (non-porous) silica NPs and porous silica NPs). Among these, silica NPs have been extensively investigated by researchers as carriers with many useful and attractive properties.Several reports have been publis...

Introduction to Protein DesignProtein design aims to create proteins with enhanced or novel activity, behavior, or other functional properties. As a powerful tool, it may have a profound impact on synthetic biology and may have more rapid and innovative applications. In the near future, protein design, especially computational design, will greatly expand the functional capabilities of synthetic cells. De Novo Protein DesignIn de novo protein design, the ultimate objective is to identify the appr...

DNA Methylation Age AccelerationAge acceleration can be defined as the difference between the DNA methylation age and the actual age, or as the residual resulting from regressing the DNA methylation age on the actual age. In comparison, the latter definition is more accurate and practical. We can determine the rate of biological aging based on the specific value of the DNA methylation age acceleration, with positive values indicating faster than expected aging and negative values the opposite.DN...

Laboratory equipment is a general term for the various instruments, containers and other tools needed for operation, synthesis, and analysis in various laboratories. The equipment helps researchers to observe, test, experiment or analyze data to confirm the authenticity or rationality of scientific hypotheses. According to the scope of application, laboratory equipment can be divided into general equipment and specialized equipment.General laboratory equipment includes freezers, incubators, shak...

Strong base anion (SBA) exchange resin is one type of ion exchange resins containing quaternary ammonium groups on the microsphere surfaces. The SBA resin shows an excellent physical and chemical stability, which is capable to exchange the different anion under a wide range of pH value. SBA resins are ideal for removing certain anionic contaminants and can be regenerated with salt.SBA resins are usually divided into two classes according to their functional groups. Type I SBA resins are aminated...

Aging is a biological process that occurs in each of us as individuals and is accompanied by a variety of changes. At the molecular level, DNA methylation occurs, a process in which a methyl group is covalently bonded at the cytosine 5 carbon position of a genomic CpG dinucleotide, and the association between DNA methylation and aging has been extensively studied and their close correlation has been found.DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays a key role in many aging-related b...

The ability to overexpress genes in microorganisms has revolutionized the field of synthetic biology. Gene overexpression involves the production of large quantities of target proteins by increasing the transcription and translation of the gene of interest. This technique has been applied in the engineering of microorganisms to produce a wide range of products, including biofuels, chemicals, and biopharmaceuticals. There are several strategies for gene overexpression in strain engineering. One c...

In the field of scientific research, understanding and studying emotion-related behaviors in animals plays a crucial role in advancing the knowledge of the human brain and mental health. Animal models can help researchers better comprehend animal behaviors, and rodent models in particular have become important objects for understanding the mechanisms of emotional behaviors and exploring new treatments for emotion-related disorders including anxiety, depression, and stress. With their remarkable ...

The diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases have long been a daunting challenge due to their complex and often undefined nature. However, with recent advancements in technology, specifically in the realm of genomics, whole genome sequencing (WGS) has emerged as a powerful tool that has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of rare diseases. This groundbreaking technique offers hope to countless individuals and their families who have suffered from the uncertainties and lack of answers ass...

What is cystic fibrosis?Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system, and other organs. It is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which encodes a protein that regulates chloride ions transport across cell membranes. These mutations cause the CFTR protein to be either absent or not function properly, leading to the buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. Treatment o...

The importance of nucleic acids in controlling life processes is well known. Under the suitable conditions, DNA molecules are responsible for replication of themselves and acts as templates for RNA synthesis in transcription. In translation, RNA molecules control protein synthesis and thus various metabolic activities in living cells. All these processes are monitored by sequences of bases in polynucleotide chains. Nucleosides consist of a sugar group and a heterocyclic nucleobase that bound to ...

Bioink is a solution of a biomaterial or a mixture of several biomaterials in the hydrogel form, usually encapsulating living cells, and/or bioactive molecules. For bioprinting, bioinks are essential components, and are cross-linked or stabilized during or immediately after the bioprinting to create the final shapes of the intended tissue constructs.The selection of appropriate bioink depends on the specific application and the type of cells as well as the bioprinter to be used. An ideal bioink ...

Laboratory equipment is a general term for the various instruments, containers and other tools needed for operation, synthesis, and analysis in various laboratories. The equipment helps researchers to observe, test, experiment or analyze data to confirm the authenticity or rationality of scientific hypotheses. According to the scope of application, laboratory equipment can be divided into general equipment and specialized equipment.General laboratory equipment includes freezers, incubators, shak...

ethylation-Based Biological Age and Cancer RiskChanges in DNA methylation levels with age, and it has been widely studied as a well-known biomarker of aging. A number of DNA methylation age clocks have appeared and been used, and when the age predicted by the methylation clock is greater than the actual age, it is considered to have "age acceleration", which is also called the biological measure of aging.Research suggests a correlation between aging and cancer as well. Predicted ages obtained by...

The aging of today's global population is accelerating, leading to a higher incidence of some diseases related to aging, such as chronic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc. However, people at the same age may show different disease expressions, and one possible factor is due to differences in the aging process of different individuals, which means that the actual age of individuals is the same but their biological age may be different.Then understanding the biolog...

Introduction of customization of aging Animal models Available Models of Common Age-Related DiseasesBone disease. For example, age-related bone loss, and age-related osteoporosis models.Cardiovascular diseases. For example, the primary hypertension animal model, myocardial infarction animal model, heart failure animal model, etc.Aging lung.Neurodegenerative disease. For example, models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.Multi-morbidity and frailty. For example, some chronic disease m...

Cell-free protein expression or cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) refers to the protein expression approach that produces target proteins without using living cells. All the cellular machinery, such as ribosomes, enzymes, tRNAs, amino acids, and cofactors, are contained in CFPS for direct protein synthesis. A supplied nucleic acid template can be transcribed and translated in CFPS, and this process is not constrained by a cell wall or homeostasis conditions required to maintain cell viability.C...

Introduction of Strain HybridizationOne of the key components of synthetic biology is the creation of novel strains with unique properties that can be used for various applications such as biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. Strain hybridization is an essential technique in synthetic biology that involves the combination of genetic material from different strains to create a new hybrid strain with desired traits.